Everyone experiences bad breath from time to time — especially first thing in the morning or after a garlicky meal. But when bad breath becomes persistent, it may be something more. Halitosis is the medical term for chronic bad breath, and it often has an underlying cause that deserves attention.
What Is Halitosis?
Halitosis refers to an unpleasant odour coming from the mouth that doesn’t go away with occasional brushing or mouthwash. It can affect anyone and may impact confidence, social interactions, and overall oral health. Importantly, many people with halitosis don’t realize they have it, which is why regular dental checkups are so valuable.
Why Does Halitosis Happen?
In most cases, halitosis starts in the mouth. The primary culprit is oral bacteria. Certain bacteria break down food particles, dead cells, and proteins left behind on teeth, gums, and especially the back of the tongue. As they do this, they release volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) — gases responsible for the familiar “bad breath” smell.
Common oral causes include:
- Poor oral hygiene: Infrequent brushing and flossing allow food debris and plaque to build up.
- Tongue coating: The back of the tongue is a major hiding place for odour-producing bacteria.
- Gum disease: Inflamed gums and deep periodontal pockets trap bacteria that create persistent odours.
- Dry mouth (xerostomia): Saliva helps wash away bacteria. When saliva flow is reduced — due to medications, dehydration, mouth breathing, or smoking — bad breath becomes more likely.
- Dental appliances or dentures: If not cleaned properly, they can harbour odour-causing bacteria.
Other Contributing Factors
Certain foods, such as garlic, onions, and spices, can temporarily cause bad breath. Tobacco use is another major contributor, as it dries out the mouth and increases the risk of gum disease.
Less commonly, halitosis may be linked to non-oral causes, including sinus infections, post-nasal drip, acid reflux, tonsil stones, or systemic medical conditions like diabetes or kidney disease. These cases are far less common, but persistent bad breath despite good oral care may warrant further investigation.
How Is Halitosis Treated?
Treatment depends on the cause, but most cases improve with consistent oral care:
- Brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste
- Floss once a day to remove trapped food
- Gently clean the tongue using a scraper or toothbrush
- Stay hydrated to support saliva flow
- Avoid tobacco products
Professional dental cleanings are essential, especially if gum disease is present. Your dentist can identify problem areas, recommend appropriate products, and rule out more serious causes.
When Should You See a Dentist?
If bad breath persists despite good home care, it’s time to book a dental visit. Chronic halitosis is often a sign that something else is going on — and addressing it early can improve both your oral health and your confidence.
Fresh breath starts with a healthy mouth — and we’re here to help.